ABSTRACT This study aims to determine therapeutic protocols of intramuscular sodium cloxacillin (IM) in goats with potential antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus spp. We constructed a pharmacokinetic (PK) model of IM, followed by a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration (PK/PD). Simulations of different therapeutic protocols were then performed, with the doses ranging from 30 to100 mg/kg every 8, 12, or 24 hours. We calculated the probability to target attainment (PTA) of reach protocol's therapeutic according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.06 to 4 μg/mL. The PK/PD index (PDT) used was "time above the MIC for 40% of the time" (T>MIC ≥40%). Protocols with single administration per day were incapable of achieving PTA ≥ 90% for any of the estimated MICs. However, by decreasing the administration interval, the PTA was increased. Thus, from the dose of 50 mg/kg every 12 hours, a PTA≥ 90% for MICs ≤ 0.5 μg/mL was achieved, while the 30 mg/kg dose every 8 hours was able to achieve a PTA≥ 90% for MICs of 2 μg/mL. The results suggest using 30 mg/kg dose every 8 hours in clinical studies of agents with MICs ≤ 2μg/mL; Nevertheless, the practitioner should adjust the dose in severe patients.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar protocolos terapêuticos sistêmicos de cloxacilina sódica, via intramuscular, em caprinos, com potencial efeito antibacteriano contra Staphylococcus spp. Construiu-se um modelo farmacocinético (PK) de cloxacilina sódica em caprino; a partir deste, realizou-se a integração farmacocinéticas/farmacodinâmicas (PK/PD) e simulações de diferentes protocolos terapêuticos, variando de 30-100 mg/kg com administração a cada oito, 12 ou 24 horas. Foram calculadas as probabilidades de atingir o alvo (PTA) para cada protocolo, segundo uma distribuição de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 0,06 a 4 μg/mL. O alvo PK/PD (PDT) utilizado foi de T>CIM ≥ 40%. Protocolos com uma administração por dia não foram capazes de atingir a PTA ≥ 90% para nenhuma das CIMs. A diminuição do intervalo aumentou os PTAs, assim, a partir da dose de 50 mg/kg a cada 12 horas, foi possível atingir PTA≥ 90% para CIMs ≤ 0,5 μg/mL, enquanto uma dose de 30 mg/kg a cada oito horas foi capaz de atingir PTA≥ 90% para uma CIM de 2 μg/mL. Os resultados sugerem que a dose de 30 mg/kg a cada oito horas pode ser utilizada em estudos clínicos de agentes com CIMs ≤ 2 μg/mL, porém é preciso ser avaliado como os parâmetros farmacocinéticos serão alterados em pacientes críticos.

Resumen: Los actuales modelos de stents endovasculares tienen un biomecanismo auto-expandible con memoria de forma del material, lo que en principio pretenden es un ajuste adecuado con el medio de implantación arterial. Sin embargo, presentan algunos problemas de desacoplamiento y de implantación en la arteria por diversas variabilidades biológicas. Como una alternativa a estas situaciones, se desarrolló un modelo de stent aórtico regulable (ajustable). Este modelo de movilidad controlada pretende facilitar el procedimiento de implantación y el no desacoplamiento por la actividad hemodinámica. Se elaboró un diseño geométrico y se desarrollaron diversas simulaciones para analizar su comportamiento biomecánico utilizando como herramienta computacional el programa Working Model. Se obtuvieron unos resultados que indicaron la viabilidad y correcta funcionalidad de esta alternativa para el problema del desacople e implantación.

Abstract: The current models of endovascular stents have an auto-expanding biomechanism with shape memory material which is able to adjust itself in the middle of implantation. These models have problems in implantation procedures in the artery; including problems of decoupling. As an alternative to the situation, a new aortic adjustable stent was developed. This model of controlled mobility aims to facilitate the implantation procedure and the non-decoupling due to the hemodynamic activity. A geometric design was developed, and several simulations were developed to analyze its biomechanical behavior using the Working Model program as a computational tool. Some results were obtained that indicated the feasibility and correct functionality of this alternative for the problem of decoupling and implantation.

Resumo: Os modelos atuais de stents endovasculares têm um biomecanismo auto-expansível com memória de forma do material, que em princípio se destina a ser um ajuste adequado com os meios de implantação arterial. No entanto, eles apresentam alguns problemas de desacoplamento e implantação na artéria devido a várias variabilidades biológicas. Como alternativa a estas situações, foi desenvolvido um modelo de stent aórtico ajustável (ajustável). Este modelo de mobilidade controlada visa facilitar o procedimento de implantação e o não-desacoplamento devido à atividade hemodinâmica. Um projeto geométrico foi desenvolvido e diversas simulações foram desenvolvidas para analisar seu comportamento biomecânico utilizando o programa Working Model como ferramenta computacional. Foram obtidos alguns resultados que indicaram a viabilidade e correta funcionalidade desta alternativa para o problema de desacoplamento e implantação.

A field study was carried out to determine the activity of an anthelmintic combination of derquantel (spiroindoles) plus abamectin (macrocyclic lactones) against Haemonchus sp in sheeps and goats. The clinical efficacy of the combination showed variable egg count reduction percentage dependent on the parasitic stages involved at the time of treatment and the previous status of resistance to the macrocyclic lactones. High efficacy (greater than 99%) was observed against oviposition of mature Haemonchus sp stages or when background of parasitic populations indicated moderate resistance to macrocyclic lactones. In contrast, lower efficiencies (76-83%) were observed when populations of this parasite showed severe resistance to macrocyclic lactones and immature stages constituted the majority of the parasitic population at time of treatment. Anthelmintic combinations could have an interesting potential for prevent o manage the nematode resistance in small ruminants, but the present observations emphasize the need to evaluate at the level of each establishment the activity of all anthelmintic drenches formulated with new or old drugs

Se presentan las observaciones efectuadas sobre la actividad de una combinación antihelmíntica conteniendo un nueva droga, el derquantel (spiroindoles) adicionada con abamectina (lactonas macrocíclicas) en ovinos y caprinos naturalmente parasitados por Haemonchus sp. En el conteo de huevos, la eficacia de la combinación mostró porcentajes de reducción variables y dependientes de los estadios parasitarios intervinientes al momento del tratamiento y al status previo de resistencia a las lactonas macrocíclicas. Se observó una eficacia alta (mayor al 99%) frente a la oviposición de estadios maduros de Haemonchus sp o cuando los antecedentes de las poblaciones parasitarias indicaban resistencia no marcada a las lactonas macrocíclicas. Por el contrario, eficacias inferiores (76 al 83%) se observaron cuando las poblaciones de este parásito mostraban resistencia severa a las lactonas macrocíclicas y los estadios inmaduros constituían la mayor parte de la población parasitaria al momento del tratamiento. Las combinaciones antihelmínticas tienen un interesante potencial de uso frente a poblaciones parasitarias de Haemonchus sp resistentes a los antihelmínticos, pero las presentes observaciones enfatizan la necesidad de evaluar a nivel de cada establecimiento la actividad de todos los antiparasitarios, sean estos formulados con viejas o nuevas drogas, si se pretende instaurar programas racionales para el control de estos nematodes

Resumo Resultados das propriedades qualitativas e quantitativas de cerâmica à base de argila são apresentados neste trabalho. Foram utilizados quatro diferentes métodos de conformação e temperaturas de sinterização para entender suas influências nas propriedades finais de um material cerâmico formulado usando argila caulinítica e alumina calcinada. Este material pode ser usado como cerâmica estrutural para diferentes aplicações, e não há relação pré-estabelecida entre o método de conformação e as propriedades sinterizadas finais. Os métodos de conformação utilizados para preparar as amostras foram prensagem uniaxial (processo em batelada que permite a aplicação em amostras secas), extrusão (processo contínuo que requer umidade), colagem (processo que permite moldar produtos cerâmicos complexos) e laminação (processo em batelada que requer umidade). As temperaturas de sinterização foram na faixa de 1100 e 1400 °C. Para comparar como as propriedades se comportam à medida que o método de moldagem e a temperatura de sinterização são alterados, as propriedades de textura, retração, porosimetria, composição de fases e resistência mecânica foram avaliadas e analisadas. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microtomografia foram empregadas para analisar e comparar as microestruturas desenvolvidas. As diferenças nas propriedades resultantes são explicadas em termos das fases cristalinas desenvolvidas e da microestrutura.

Abstract The results of qualitative and quantitative properties of clay based ceramic are presented in this work. Four different shaping methods and sintering temperatures were used to understand their influence in the final properties of a ceramic material formulated using kaolinite clay and calcined alumina. This material can be used as a structural ceramic for different applications, and there is no pre-established relation between the forming method and the final sintered properties. Forming methods used to prepare the samples were uniaxial pressing (a batch process that allows application in dry samples), extruding (a continuous process that requires moisture), slip casting (a process that allows to shape complex ceramic ware), and lamination (a batch process that requires moisture). Sintering temperatures were in the range of 1100 and 1400 °C. In order to compare how properties behave as the shaping method and sintering temperature change, textural properties, shrinkage, porosimetry, phase composition and mechanical strength were evaluated and analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and microtomography were employed for analyzing and comparing the developed microstructures. Differences in the resulting properties are explained in terms of the developed crystalline phases and microstructure.

Resumen: La terapéutica antimicrobiana tiene por finalidad la eliminación o inhibición del crecimiento de los agentes infecciosos, tratando de no lesionar a las células del huésped. Las buenas prácticas de prescripción y el uso racional de estos fármacos, son cruciales para evitar la aparición de resistencias y causar fallas terapéuticas. El Objetivo de este trabajo, fue evaluar el uso y la prescripción de fármacos antimicrobianos (ATM) en pequeños animales por parte de los profesionales veterinarios de práctica privada, en el departamento de Montevideo. Se encuestó a profesionales (n=50), en forma personal y anónima acerca de sus prácticas de prescripción de los principales ATM que utilizan en la clínica. Se confeccionó una encuesta en formato impreso tradicional en base anueve preguntas de respuestas de tipo cerrado y una pregunta con respuestade tipo abierto.Se hizo un análisis descriptivo y porcentual de los resultados. Se obtuvieron datosque permitieron conocer cuales ATM conocen los profesionales dedicados a la clínica de pequeños animales, de qué manera los usan y como los prescriben a sus pacientes, así como también si realizan tratamientos empíricos ysi toman en cuenta factores tanto fisiológicos como patológicos de sus pacientes antes de dicha prescripción.

Summary: Antimicrobial (ATM) therapyattempts to eliminate or inhibit the growth of infectious agents, trying not to damage the host’s cells. Good prescription practices and rational use of these drugs are crucial to avoid the appearance of resistance and therapeutic failures. The aim of this work was to evaluate how veterinary professionals dedicated to small animal practice use and prescribeantimicrobial drugs in Montevideo. Personal interviews to veterinary professionals (n = 50) were made about their prescribing patterns of the main antimicrobial drugs used in their daily clinical practice.All information received was kept anonymous. Interviews were made in a traditional printed format. Descriptive statistics were made.Results about the knowledge ofthe use and prescription of ATM patterns, the use of empirical treatments and the physiological/pathological parameters veterinary professionals dedicated to small animals clinical practice take into account before prescription were obtained.

Resumen Según la OMS la forma más eficaz para reducir los casos de rabia anuales en humanos es a través de vacunaciones en perros y gatos, dado que el 90 % de los mismos son debido a mordeduras de estos animales, mayoritariamente caninos, infectados con el virus. En países de la región, donde se ha evaluado el nivel de protección de perros vacunados contra el virus de la rabia, se han encontrado variaciones importantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta inmune humoral contra la rabia en perros con algún tipo de “modulación inmunológica” inducida experimentalmente. Para esto se inmunizaron cinco grupos de perros con vacunas polivalentes (Grupo 1), monovalentes (Grupo 2), inmunizados durante la castración quirúrgica (Grupo 3), que estaban en tratamiento con Triamcinolona acetonido (corticoides) durante la inmunización (Grupo 4) o que fueron vacunados simultáneamente con un inmunoestimulante comercial (Grupo 5). En términos generales los resultados obtenidos indican que en todos los casos, la mayoría de los animales pudieron superar el límite mínimo de anticuerpos para estar protegidos según la OMS (0.5UI/ml). Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) en el uso de vacunas mono o polivalente, el uso de corticoides al momento de la inmunización y en la vacunación durante la castración quirúrgica

Abstract According to WHO the most effective way to reduce the incidence of annual human rabies, is through vaccination of dogs and cats, since 90% of human cases are due to bites mainly from canines infected with the virus. The level of protection of dogs vaccinated against rabies varies significantly between countries of the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response against rabies, in dogs with some kind of "immune modulation" experimentally induced. Dogs were immunized with polyvalent (Group 1), monovalent (Group 2) vaccines, and immunized during surgical castration (Group 3), dogs treated with triamcinolone acetonide (steroids) during immunization (Group 4) or vaccinated simultaneously with a commercial immunostimulant (Group 5). The results indicate that in all cases, the majority of animals could exceed the minimum limit of antibodies to be protected according to the WHO (0.5UI / ml). However, significant differences (p <0.05) in the use of mono- or polyvalent vaccines, the use of corticosteroids at the time of immunization and vaccination during surgical castration was found

Background: Hypercalcemia during pregnancy is a strange finding. The long exposure to high calcium levels can take to calcifications in different maternal organs and it can lead to miscarriage and stillborn. Case presentation: A woman with 20+4 weeks' gestation, who was remitted because of an acute renal failure and hypertension. She reported excessive intake of cheese, milk and multivitaminics. With a calcium level of 9.2 mg/dL and BUN/Creatinine of 6.8, diagnosed with food poisoning and medullary nephrocalcinosis as a result of the high calcium intake. At the fourth day at the hospital she presented vaginal bleeding and due to the conditions of the mother the pregnancy was ended. Afterwards she presented a significant clinical improvement and she was discharged from the hospital. Discussion: The relevance of this case is that the presence of hypercalcemia during pregnancy and not identifying it elevates the risk of miscarriage and neonatal hypocalcemia, which can cause maternal death. In this aspect, many complications can develop, being one of the most important the nephrocalcinosis, identified in this report. Conclusion: The excessive calcium intake in pregnant women can cause nephrocalcinosis. It is important to educate them to avoid this and other complications.

Antecedentes: La hipercalcemia durante el embarazo es un hallazgo raro. La exposición prolongada a los altos niveles de calcio puede llevar a calcificaciones en distintos órganos maternos y en el feto puede llevar a abortos espontáneos y mortinatos. Caso clínico: Paciente primípara, con gestación de 20+4 semanas, remitida por falla renal aguda e hipertensión arterial. Ella reportó ingesta excesiva de queso, leche y multivitamínicos. Con calcio de 9,2 mg/dL y relación BUN/Creatinina de 6,8 se diagnostica intoxicación alimentaria y nefrocalcinosis medular por alta ingesta de calcio. Al cuarto día de hospitalización presenta sangrado vaginal y debido a las condiciones de la madre se termina el embarazo. Posteriormente presenta una mejoría clínica significativa y se da de alta. Discusión: La relevancia de este caso es que la presencia de hipercalcemia en el embarazo y su no identificación, aumenta el riesgo de aborto, y de hipocalcemia neonatal, que a su vez puede causar muerte materna. En este cuadro se pueden presentar varias complicaciones, siendo una de las más frecuentes la nefrocalcinosis, identificada en este reporte. Conclusión: La ingesta de calcio excesiva en gestantes puede causar nefrocalcinosis. Es importante la educación para evitar ésta y otras complicaciones.

El ácido ascórbico ha sido reconocido como un nutriente importante en varios productos alimentarios de la canasta familiar. La acción de la vitamina C es suministrada por dos formas biológicamente activas: el ácido L-ascórbico (L-AA) y su forma oxidada, el ácido dehidroascórbico (DHAA). En esta investigación se estudió la uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.), en cuanto a sus propiedades bromatológicas, fisicoquímicas y actividad antioxidante, para su posible aplicación como alimento nutracéutico. El fruto fue sometido a deshidratación por calor y liofilización. El análisis proximal de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) procedente de Toca (Boyacá) presentó un contenido de humedad, cenizas, grasa y proteína de 82,43%, 0,75%, 0,48% y 1,43%, respectivamente, valores cercanos a los referentes de la FAO y del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF). El fruto presentó un contenido de proteína relativamente alto (1,43%) -la mayoría de los frutos no superan el 1,0%-. El porcentaje de humedad obtenido por deshidratación por calor a 30 °C y durante 72 h fue de 57,46%, mientras que por el método de liofilización fue de 82,43%. La vitamina C, determinada por HPLC, contenida en el fruto fresco fue de 20,7575 ± 0,0617 mg/100 g de muestra, y en el fruto liofilizado, de 21,9212 ± 0,1929 mg/100 g de muestra. El contenido de fenoles totales en la uchuva liofilizada fue de 0,1381 mg/L, y del fruto fresco, de 0,1301 mg/L. El extracto metanólico de la uchuva presentó actividad antioxidante por su capacidad para atrapar el catión radical ABTS+, registrando valores para la uchuva deshidratada por calor de 186,242 mg/100 g de muestra seca, y para la uchuva liofilizada, de 211,64 mg/100 g de muestra seca. En el caso del atrapamiento del radical DPPH+, se alcanzaron concentraciones de 393,69 mg/100 g de muestra liofilizada y 391,39 mg/100 g de muestra deshidratada por calor.

Ascorbic acid has been recognized as an important nutrient in various food products of the family basket. The action of vitamin C is supplied by two biologically active forms: the L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) and its oxidized form, the dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA). In this study we characterized the Physalis (Physalis peruviana L.) in its physicochemical and bromatological properties, plus its antioxidant activity for its possible application as a nutraceutical food. Furthermore it was subjected to dehydration by heat and lyophilization. The proximate analysis of Physalis (Physalis peruviana L) from Toca-Boyacá presented a moisture, ash, protein and fat values content at 82,43%, 0,75%, 0,48% and 1.43%, respectively, which are near the FAO and the ICBF (Colombian Familiar Wealth Fare Institute) referents. Their result showed a relatively high protein content (1,43%), because most of the fruits do not exceed 1,0%. The moisture content obtained by heat drying at 30 °C and during 72 h was 57,46%; while by the lyophilization method was 82,43%. The vitamin C content determined by HPLC in fresh fruit, was 20,7575 ± 0.0617 mg/100 sample, while in the lyophilized fruit was 21,9212 ± 0.1929 mg/100 of the sample. The total phenolic content in the lyophilized Physalis was 0.1381 mg/L and in the fresh fruit 0.1301 mg/L. The Physalis methanol extract presents an antioxidant activity, due to its ability to trap the radical cation ABTS+, while the recorded values for dehydration Physalis were 186,242 mg/100 g in dry sample and for the lyophilized Physalis was 211.6444 mg/100 g of dry sample. In the DPPH radical trapping case, the concentrations reached were 393.69 mg/100 g for the lyophilized sample and 391.39 mg/100 g for the dehydrated by heat sample.

Projeto assistido por computador (CAD) é bem conhecido por várias décadas e empregado na fabricação cerâmica desde o início, mas usualmente empregado na primeira parte dos processos na concepção do projeto, nem na prototipagem, nem nas fases de fabricação. As máquinas de prototipagem rápida, também conhecidas como impressoras 3D têm a capacidade de produzir, em poucas horas, peças utilizando materiais plásticos de alta resistência, com grande precisão e similaridade com relação ao original, com base em modelos digitais inéditos produzidos por meio de modelagem com softwares de projeto específico ou a partir da digitalização das peças existentes, utilizando os chamados scanners 3D. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver a metodologia utilizada em todo o processo de construção de uma parte em cerâmica da inter-relação entre as técnicas tradicionais e novas tecnologias para a fabricação de protótipos. E para aproveitar os benefícios que nos permitem esta nova tecnologia de reprodução. A experiência baseou-se na geração de uma peça complexa, em formato digital, que serviu como modelo. Um icosaedro regular de 15 cm, complexo o suficiente para não sugerir a produção do modelo por meio das técnicas tradicionais cerâmicas (manual ou mecânica). A partir deste modelo digital, um molde de gesso feito na maneira tradicional para colagem por barbotina de massas à base de argila, secagem livre ao ar, queimada e esmaltada de maneira tradicional. Esta experiência mostrou a hipótese de trabalho e abre a possibilidade de novas linhas de trabalho a níveis acadêmicos e tecnológicos que serão explorados em um futuro próximo. Esta tecnologia oferece uma grande variedade de opções para lidar com o aspecto formal de uma peça a ser executada no campo do projeto, arquitetura, projeto industrial, a cerâmica tradicional, a arte cerâmica, etc., que permitem ampliar as possibilidades formais, economizar tempo e, portanto, os custos na elaboração das matrizes necessárias e adequadas para cada exigência.

Computer assisted designing (CAD) is well known for several decades and employed for ceramic manufacturing almost since the beginning, but usually employed in the first part of the projectual ideation processes, neither in the prototyping nor in the manufacturing stages. The rapid prototyping machines, also known as 3D printers, have the capacity to produce in a few hours real pieces using plastic materials of high resistance, with great precision and similarity with respect to the original, based on unprecedented digital models produced by means of modeling with specific design software or from the digitalization of existing parts using the so-called 3D scanners. The main objective of the work is to develop the methodology used in the entire process of building a part in ceramics from the interrelationship between traditional techniques and new technologies for the manufacture of prototypes. And to take advantage of the benefits that allow us this new reproduction technology. The experience was based on the generation of a complex piece, in digital format, which served as the model. A regular 15 cm icosahedron presented features complex enough not to advise the production of the model by means of the traditional techniques of ceramics (manual or mechanical). From this digital model, a plaster mold was made in the traditional way in order to slip cast clay based slurries, freely dried in air and fired and glazed in the traditional way. This experience has shown the working hypothesis and opens up the possibility of new lines of work to academic and technological levels that will be explored in the near future. This technology provides a wide range of options to address the formal aspect of a part to be performed for the field of design, architecture, industrial design, the traditional pottery, ceramic art, etc., which allow you to amplify the formal possibilities, save time and therefore costs when drafting the necessary and appropriate matrixes to each requirement.

Titanato de alumínio (Al2TiO5) é um material de alta refratariedade com excelente resistância ao choque térmico. É, consequentemente, adequado para várias aplicações a altas temperaturas nas quais são requisitos ser isolante térmico e ter alta resistência ao choque térmico. Exemplos são como componentes de motores de combustão interna, revestimento de saídas de exaustão, barreiras metalúrgicas e térmicas. A instabilidade térmica doAl2TiO5a altas temperaturas é outra característica deste material que tem sido estudada e controlada pela incorporação de vários aditivos. A formação de Al2TiO5a partir de óxidos puros apresenta um pico endotérnico na curva de análise térmica diferencial (ATD). A temperatura termodinâmica é 1280 ºC. Mas experimentalmente, como em todas a análise de ATD, esses picos dependem fortemente da taxa de aquecimento: esse aspecto tem sido extensivamente empregado no estudo cinético de processos de transformação e na determinação de mecanismos de reações químicas. Energias de ativação e taxas de nucleação podem ser obtidas desses experimentos. Este trabalho reporta a energia de formação de Al2TiO5preparado a partir de óxidos puros sob atmosfera de ar por meio dos métodos de Kissinger em ATD. Primeiramente foi analisada a distribuição de tamanho de partículas dos pós de partida e dos pós resultantes, juntamente com análise de difração de raios X. As propriedades de formação de Al2TiO5foram separadas em dois grupos correpondendo a baixas e altas taxas de aquecimento, abaixo e acima de 5 K/min. Os valores de energia de ativação foram obtidos após a constante de Avrami (n) evidenciar que o mecanismo de cristalização é fortemente relacionado com a taxa de aquecimento, mesmo na ampla faixa estudada, que inclui as tecnológicas (0,5-40 K/min).

Aluminum titanate (Al2TiO5) is a high refractoriness material with excellent thermal shock resistance. Hence it is suitable for several applications at elevated temperatures where insulation and thermal shock resistance are required. Such as components of internal combustion engines, exhaust port liners, metallurgy, and thermal barriers. The thermal instability of Al2TiO5 at high temperature is another characteristic of this material that has been studied and controlled by the incorporation of several additives. The Al2TiO5 formation from pure oxides presents an endothermic peak in the differential thermal analysis (DTA). The thermodynamic temperature is 1280 ºC. But experimentally, as in every other DTA experiment, these peaks strongly depend on the heating rate: this fact has been extensively employed for the kinetic study of transformation processes and the mechanism determination of chemical reactions. Both activation energies (Ea) and nucleation rates can be obtained from these experiments. The present work reports the formation Ea of Al2TiO5 prepared from pure oxides at air atmosphere by the Kissinger DTA based methods. Previously the particle size distribution of the starting powders together with X-ray diffraction analysis of the starting powders and the resulting materials was carried out. The properties of the Al2TiO5 formation were grouped into two groups corresponding to the low and high heating rates, below and over 5 K/min. Ea values were obtained after the Avrami (n) constant evidenced that the crystallization mechanism is strongly related to the heating rate, even in the wide range studied which includes the technological ones(0.5-40 K/min).

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a condition that is reported worldwide and that generates a considerable morbidity and mortality. The epidemiological measures of frequency of this disease have globally increased in recent decades, and unless urgent action is taken, the problem will grow with relevant consequences. The appropriate prescription of aerobic exercise and strength training in diabetic patients is a fundamental pillar in the management, treatment, control and prognosis of this condition and it has many benefits, not only in glycemic control but also on cardiovascular, hemodynamic, metabolic, anthropometric and psychosocial parameters, and even mortality. Therefore, this review addresses in general the role of exercise in the treatment of T2DM, the specific prescription of exercise, the mechanisms for improving glycemic control, the benefits of exercise in diabetic patients, and it provides some evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of T2DM with aerobic exercise and strength training. No financial conflicts of interest exist.

La Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 (DMT2) es una patología que se reporta en todo el mundo y genera una considerable morbilidad y mortalidad. Sus medidas epidemiológicas de frecuencia han aumentado globalmente en las últimas décadas y si no se toman medidas urgentes el problema crecerá con consecuencias relevantes. La prescripción adecuada del ejercicio aeróbico y de fuerza en el diabético es un pilar fundamental en su manejo, tratamiento, control y pronóstico y tiene múltiples beneficios, no solo en el control glicémico, sino también en parámetros cardiovasculares, metabólicos, antropométricos, psicosociales, e incluso mortalidad. Por lo mencionado, esta revisión comprende en general, el rol del ejercicio en el tratamiento de la DMT2, la prescripción especial del ejercicio, los mecanismos para la mejoría del control glicémico, los beneficios del ejercicio en el diabético y relata algunas recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia para el tratamiento de la DMT2 con el ejercicio aeróbico y el de fuerza. Los autores declaran no poseer conflictos de interés.

Goodpasture's syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and alveolar hemorrhage in the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies. Central nervous system involvement is highly unusual in the absence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. We report the case of a 20-year-old man with RPGN accompanied by bloody sputum, tonic-clonic seizure and high titers of anti-GBM antibody. After treatment with immunosuppressants and plasmapheresis, the patient showed reduced anti-GBM antibody titers and improved neurologic and respiratory symptoms, but renal failure persisted, requiring hemodialysis. Twenty months later, with the disease in remission, he underwent deceased-donor renal transplantation.

El síndrome de Goodpasture (SGP) es una rara entidad de base inmunológica, caracterizada por la asociación de una glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva (GNRP) y hemorragia alveolar en presencia de anticuerpos antimembrana basal. La afectación del sistema nervioso central (SNC) en el SGP es extremadamente infrecuente en ausencia de ANCA. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 20 años que comenzó con una GNRP acompañada de esputos hemoptoicos y dos episodios de crisis convulsivas tónico-clónicas generalizadas, en presencia de elevados títulos de anticuerpos antimembrana basal glomerular (Ac-anti-MBG). Tras tratamiento inmunosupresor asociado con plasmaféresis, el paciente presentó descenso de los títulos de Ac-anti-MBG, así como mejoría de los síntomas neurológicos y respiratorios, aunque sin recuperación de la función renal, permaneciendo en programa de hemodiálisis. Veinte meses más tarde, con la enfermedad en remisión, el paciente recibió un trasplante renal de cadáver.

La eliminación del colorante naranja ácido 24 fue estudiada en una celda electroquímica, cuyo ánodo, del tipo dimensionalmente estable (DSA, por sus siglas en inglés), consistió de: a) una malla de titanio cubierta por una capa de iridio (Ir), b) una placa de acero inoxidable recubierta por una capa de una mezcla de iridio-estaño (Ir- Sn). El cátodo fue de acero inoxidable y el medio electrolítico fue una disolución conteniendo sulfato sódico, cloruro sódico, así como agentes humectantes y dispersantes requeridos para incorporar el color en la fibra. Los productos comerciales utilizados son: Uniperol y Leophen. La aproximación experimental permitió visualizar el papel desempeñado por el sulfato, cloruro y surfactantes en la eliminación de color y en la demanda química de oxígeno (DQO). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, en medio oxidante de cloruros, la mayor remoción de color, la proveyó el electrodo de Ir-Sn. En el caso de incluir surfactantes, las remociones de color son similares con ambos electrodos. No así el parámetro de DQO, ya que el electrodo de Ir permite obtener una disminución de DQO hasta 6 veces superior a la obtenida con el electrodo de Ir-Sn.

Removal of acid orange 24 color was studied in an electrochemical cell composed of a dimensional stable anode (DSA), a stainless steel cathode and an electrolyte media containing sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, and two commercial surfactants named Uniperol y Leophen, corresponding to wetting and dispersant agents, both of them required to favor the color incorporation inside the fiber. DSA used in this study comprises a titanium mesh covered by a layer of iridium, and a stainless steel plate covered by a layer of iridium-tin mixture. Experimental approach allowed getting an inside of the rol played by sulfate, chloride and surfactants for both color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Obtained results have shown that the Ir-Sn electrode provides the highest color removal under chloride mediated oxidant conditions. Evaluation of the DSA performance in solutions containing surfactants has shown that obtained color removal is similar for both electrodes; otherwise the COD removal attained with the Ir DSA is about six times the one obtained with the Ir-Sn electrode.

The Boca del Tocuyo earthquake of April 30, 1989, has a special significance in assessing the seismic hazard of northern Venezuela and in understanding the complex tectonic deformation in this area. Although it was an event of moderate magnitude (Mw=6.2), the mainshock and its largest aftershock (Mw=5.6) produced considerable damage in low-rise structures, mainly due to soil failure, and induced intense liquefaction in most of the coastal towns near the epicentral area. Both earthquakes show body-wave trains which are much longer than those expected for events of such magnitude. The reason for this anomalous duration was analyzed through the formal inversion of the P, SH, and SV waves recorded teleseismically. The results show that the Boca del Tocuyo main event was generated by multiple rupture processes composed of at least two and perhaps three subevents, whereas the aftershock was formed by two subevents. Although the direction of rupture propagation could not be gleaned directly from the teleseismic body wave data, the epicentral relocation of the largest aftershock, the hypocentral distribution of about 60 aftershocks (m b<4.5), and the linearity of the coast, which is parallel to the geologic structures in this area, suggest right-lateral, strike-slip faulting in a NW-SE direction. The Boca del Tocuyo earthquakes were apparently generated on a system of conjugate faults that are oblique to the east-west-trending, major fault systems that define the plate boundaries in northern Venezuela.

El sismo de Boca del Tocuyo del 30 de abril de 1989 tiene un significado especial en la evaluación del peligro sísmico del norte de Venezuela y en la comprensión de la compleja deformación tectónica que tiene lugar en esta zona. A pesar de que se trata de un sismo de magnitud moderada (Mw=6.2), el evento principal y su réplica mas grande (Mw=5.6) produjeron daños considerables en estructuras de baja altura, principalmente debido a fallamiento del suelo y a la intensa licuefacción que fue provocada por el sismo en las localidades costeras cercanas a la zona epicentral. Ambos sismos muestran un tren de ondas de volumen que son mucho más largas que las que se esperarían para eventos de esa magnitud. La razón de esta duración anómalamente larga fue analizada por medio de la inversión formal de las ondas P, SH y SV que fueron registradas a distancias telesísmicas. Los resultados muestran que el evento principal de Boca del Tocuyo fue generado por un complejo proceso de ruptura compuesto por al menos dos y tal vez tres sub-eventos, mientras que la réplica más grande está formada por dos sub-eventos. A pesar de que la dirección de propagación de la ruptura no pudo ser determinada directamente de los datos telesísmicos de ondas de volumen, la relocalización epicentral de la réplica mayor, la distribución de cerca de 60 réplicas (m b<4.5), así como la linealidad de la costa, que es paralela a las estructuras geológicas de esta zona, sugieren un movimiento lateral derecho sobre una falla transcurrente orientada en dirección NO-SE. Los sismos de Boca del Tocuyo fueron aparentemente generados en un sistema de fallas que son oblicuos a la dirección preferencial este-oeste que guardan las grandes fallas que definen las fronteras de placa en el norte de Venezuela.

Se evaluaron 356 muestras de sangre de individuos aparentemente sanos, que acudieron en calidad de donantes al Banco de Sangre del Hospital Universitario “Antonio Patricio de Alcalá” Cumaná, estado Sucre para la prevalencia de varias enfermedades de trasmisión sanguínea. Se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos por ELISA contra el core (anti-HBc) y antígeno de superficie (HBsAg) del virus de la hepatitis B, contra el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), contra el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y contra Trypanosoma cruzi. Además, se efectuó la prueba de anticuerpos no treponémicos contra la sífilis y antígenos de Plasmodium falciparum y Plasmodium vivax. Del total de pacientes, 84 (23,6%) presentaron positividad para uno o más marcadores, siendo la distribución: 41(11,52%) reactivas para el Anti-HBc, 9 (2,53%) para HBsAg, 2 (0,56%) para VHC, 1 (0,28%) para T. cruzi y 31 (8,71%) para VDRL. Para VIH y Plasmodium no se encontraron casos positivos. Estos resultados demuestran que la población estudiada puede estar dentro del grupo clasificado como de alto riesgo para transmitir el VHB, sin excluir a las otras patologías que no deja de ser importante su despistaje para evitar así el riesgo de propagación de infecciones.

Three-hundred fifty-six blood samples from apparently healthy donors at the University Hospital “Antonio Patricio de Alcalá” Blood Bank in Cumaná, Sucre, were evaluated for the prevalence of several blood-transmitted diseases. The presence of antibodies against the core (anti-HBc) and surface antigen (HBsAg) of the hepatitis B virus, the hepatitis C virus (HCV), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Trypanosoma cruzi was determined using ELISA. In addition, tests for non-treponemic antibodies against syphilis and antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax antigens were also carried out. From the total number of patients, 84 (23. 6%) were positive for one or more markers, distributed as follows: 41(11. 52%) reactive for Anti-HBc, 9 (2.53%) for HBsAg, 2 (0. 56%) for HCV, 1 (0. 28%) for T. cruzi and 31 (8.71%) for VDRL. No positive cases for HIV and Plasmodium were observed. These results demonstrate that the population studied could be classified as high risk for transmitting the HBV, without excluding other pathologies whose diagnosis is also important in order to avoid the risk of propagating infections.